Wer datete Alix von Frankreich, Gräfin von Vexin?

Alix von Frankreich (* 1160 oder wohl 1170; † nach 1218) war eine französische Königstochter aus dem Haus der Kapetinger; sie war als Ehefrau von Richard Löwenherz vorgesehen, Gerüchten zufolge aber die Mätresse von Richards Vater, des englischen Königs Heinrich II.

Sie ist auch bekannt als Alaïs, Adélaïde, Adèle, Alais oder Alys – aber nicht zu verwechseln mit ihrer Halb-Schwester Alix von Frankreich, spätere Gräfin von Blois, der Tochter von König Ludwig VII. mit dessen erster Frau Eleonore von Aquitanien, der in zweiter Ehe mit Heinrich II. vermählten Mutter Richard Löwenherz’.

Richard I (8 September 1157 – 6 April 1199), known as Richard the Lionheart or Richard Cœur de Lion (Old Norman French: Quor de Lion) because of his reputation as a great military leader and warrior, was King of England from 1189 until his death in 1199. He also ruled as Duke of Normandy, Aquitaine, and Gascony; Lord of Cyprus; Count of Poitiers, Anjou, Maine, and Nantes; and was overlord of Brittany at various times during the same period. He was the third of five sons of Henry II of England and Eleanor of Aquitaine and was therefore not expected to become king, but his two elder brothers predeceased their father.

By the age of 16, Richard had taken command of his own army, putting down rebellions in Poitou against his father. Richard was an important Christian commander during the Third Crusade, leading the campaign after the departure of Philip II of France. Despite achieving several victories against his Muslim counterpart, Saladin, he was ultimately forced to end his campaign without retaking Jerusalem.

Richard probably spoke both French and Occitan, and based on the testimony of Roger of Howden, most likely understood Middle English. He was born in England, where he spent his childhood; before becoming duke of Aquitaine, however, he lived most of his adult life in the Duchy of Aquitaine, in the southwest of France. Following his accession to the crown of England, he spent very little time, perhaps as little as six months, in England. Most of his reign was spent on Crusade, in captivity, or actively defending the French portions of the Angevin Empire. Though regarded as a model king during the four centuries after his death and viewed as a pious hero by his subjects, he was later perceived by historians as a ruler who treated the kingdom of England merely as a source of revenue for his armies rather than a land entrusted to his stewardship. This "Little England" view of Richard has come under increasing scrutiny by modern historians, who view it as anachronistic. Richard I is an enduring iconic figure both in England and in France.

Heinrich II. (englisch Henry II, ursprünglich Henri Plantagenet; * 5. März 1133 in Le Mans; † 6. Juli 1189 in Chinon) war Herzog der Normandie und von Aquitanien, Graf von Anjou sowie König von England (1154–1189). Zeitweise beherrschte er Wales, Schottland, das östliche Irland und das westliche Frankreich. Er war der erste der angevinischen Könige, die auch als das Haus Plantagenet bezeichnet wurden.

Seine Beinamen waren Curtmantle („Kurzmantel“, wegen der kurz geschnittenen Umhänge, die er trug) und Fitz Empress (Sohn der Kaiserin). Als erster britischer König nannte er sich King of England (König von England), seine Vorgänger trugen den Titel King of the English (König der Engländer).